[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"project-1516":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"fullName":6,"owner":7,"repo":5,"description":8,"homepage":9,"htmlUrl":10,"language":11,"languages":10,"totalLinesOfCode":10,"stars":12,"forks":13,"watchers":14,"openIssues":15,"contributorsCount":16,"subscribersCount":16,"size":16,"stars1d":17,"stars7d":18,"stars30d":19,"stars90d":16,"forks30d":16,"starsTrendScore":20,"compositeScore":21,"rankGlobal":10,"rankLanguage":10,"license":22,"archived":23,"fork":23,"defaultBranch":24,"hasWiki":23,"hasPages":23,"topics":25,"createdAt":10,"pushedAt":10,"updatedAt":26,"readmeContent":27,"aiSummary":28,"trendingCount":16,"starSnapshotCount":16,"syncStatus":17,"lastSyncTime":29,"discoverSource":30},1516,"og-aws","open-guides\u002Fog-aws","open-guides","📙 Amazon Web Services — a practical guide","",null,"Shell",36422,3898,1187,140,0,2,7,22,9,79.7,"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International",false,"master",[],"2026-06-12 04:00:10","![An Open Guide](figures\u002Fsignpost-horiz1-1600.jpg)\n\nThe Open Guide to Amazon Web Services\n=====================================\n\n[![Slack Chat](https:\u002F\u002Fimg.shields.io\u002Fbadge\u002FChat-Slack-ff69b4.svg \"Join us. Anyone is welcome!\")](http:\u002F\u002Fslackhatesthe.cloud) ⇦ Join us!\n\n[Credits](AUTHORS.md) ∙ [Contributing guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)\n\nTable of Contents\n-----------------\n\n**Purpose**\n\n-\t[Why an Open Guide?](#why-an-open-guide)\n-\t[Scope](#scope)\n-\t[Legend](#legend)\n\n**AWS in General**\n\n-\t[General Information](#general-information)\n-\t[Learning and Career Development](#learning-and-career-development)\n-\t[Managing AWS](#managing-aws)\n-\t[Managing Servers and Applications](#managing-servers-and-applications)\n\n| Specific AWS Services                 | Basics                         | Tips                          | Gotchas                                        |\n|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n| [ALB](#alb) | [📗](#alb-basics) | [📘](#alb-tips) | [📙](#alb-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [AMIs](#amis) | [📗](#ami-basics) | [📘](#ami-tips) | [📙](#ami-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [API Gateway](#api-gateway) | [📗](#api-gateway-basics) | [📘](#api-gateway-tips) | [📙](#api-gateway-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Auto Scaling](#auto-scaling) | [📗](#auto-scaling-basics) | [📘](#auto-scaling-tips) | [📙](#auto-scaling-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Batch](#batch) | [📗](#batch-basics) | [📘](#batch-tips) |\n| [Certificate Manager](#certificate-manager) | [📗](#certificate-manager-basics) | [📘](#certificate-manager-tips) | [📙](#certificate-manager-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [CLB (ELB)](#clb) | [📗](#clb-basics) | [📘](#clb-tips) | [📙](#clb-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [CloudFront](#cloudfront) | [📗](#cloudfront-basics) | [📘](#cloudfront-tips) | [📙](#cloudfront-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [CloudFormation](#cloudformation) | [📗](#cloudformation-basics) | [📘](#cloudformation-tips) | [📙](#cloudformation-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [CloudWatch](#cloudwatch) | [📗](#cloudwatch-basics) | [📘](#cloudwatch-tips) | [📙](#cloudwatch-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Device Farm](#device-farm) | [📗](#device-farm-basics) | [📘](#device-farm-tips) | [📙](#device-farm-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [DirectConnect](#directconnect) | [📗](#directconnect-basics) | [📘](#directconnect-tips) |  |\n| [DynamoDB](#dynamodb) | [📗](#dynamodb-basics) | [📘](#dynamodb-tips) | [📙](#dynamodb-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [EBS](#ebs) | [📗](#ebs-basics) | [📘](#ebs-tips) | [📙](#ebs-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [EC2](#ec2) | [📗](#ec2-basics) | [📘](#ec2-tips) | [📙](#ec2-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [ECS](#ecs) | [📗](#ecs-basics) | [📘](#ecs-tips) |  |\n| [EKS](#eks) | [📗](#eks-basics) | [📘](#eks-tips) | [📙](#eks-gotchas-and-limitations)  |\n| [EFS](#efs) | [📗](#efs-basics) | [📘](#efs-tips) | [📙](#efs-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Elastic Beanstalk](#elastic-beanstalk) | [📗](#elastic-beanstalk-basics) | [📘](#elastic-beanstalk-tips) | [📙](#elastic-beanstalk-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Elastic IPs](#elastic-ips) | [📗](#elastic-ip-basics) | [📘](#elastic-ip-tips) | [📙](#elastic-ip-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [ElastiCache](#elasticache) | [📗](#elasticache-basics) | [📘](#elasticache-tips) | [📙](#elasticache-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [EMR](#emr) | [📗](#emr-basics) | [📘](#emr-tips) | [📙](#emr-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Fargate](#fargate) | [📗](#fargate-basics) | [📘](#fargate-tips) | [📙](#fargate-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Glacier](#glacier) | [📗](#glacier-basics) | [📘](#glacier-tips) | [📙](#glacier-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [IoT](#iot) | [📗](#iot-basics) | [📘](#iot-tips) | [📙](#iot-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Kinesis Firehose](#kinesis-firehose) |  |  | [📙](#kinesis-firehose-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Kinesis Streams](#kinesis-streams) | [📗](#kinesis-streams-basics) | [📘](#kinesis-streams-tips) | [📙](#kinesis-streams-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [KMS](#kms) | [📗](#kms-basics) | [📘](#kms-tips) | [📙](#kms-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Lambda](#lambda) | [📗](#lambda-basics) | [📘](#lambda-tips) | [📙](#lambda-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Load Balancers](#load-balancers) | [📗](#load-balancer-basics) | [📘](#load-balancer-tips) | [📙](#load-balancer-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Mobile Hub](#mobile-hub) | [📗](#mobile-hub-basics) | [📘](#mobile-hub-tips) | [📙](#mobile-hub-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [OpsWorks](#opsworks) | [📗](#opsworks-basics) | [📘](#opsworks-tips) | [📙](#opsworks-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Quicksight](#quicksight) | [📗](#quicksight-basics) | | [📙](#quicksight-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS](#rds) | [📗](#rds-basics) | [📘](#rds-tips) | [📙](#rds-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS Aurora](#rds-aurora) | [📗](#rds-aurora-basics) | [📘](#rds-aurora-tips) | [📙](#rds-aurora-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS Aurora MySQL](#rds-aurora-mysql) | [📗](#rds-aurora-mysql-basics) | [📘](#rds-aurora-mysql-tips) | [📙](#rds-aurora-mysql-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS Aurora PostgreSQL](#rds-aurora-postgresql) | [📗](#rds-aurora-postgresql-basics) | [📘](#rds-aurora-postgresql-tips) | [📙](#rds-aurora-postgresql-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS MySQL and MariaDB](#rds-mysql-and-mariadb) | [📗](#rds-mysql-and-mariadb-basics) | [📘](#rds-mysql-and-mariadb-tips) | [📙](#rds-mysql-and-mariadb-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS PostgreSQL](#rds-postgresql) | [📗](#rds-postgresql-basics) | [📘](#rds-postgresql-tips) | [📙](#rds-postgresql-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [RDS SQL Server](#rds-sql-server) | [📗](#rds-sql-server-basics) | [📘](#rds-sql-server-tips) | [📙](#rds-sql-server-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Redshift](#redshift) | [📗](#redshift-basics) | [📘](#redshift-tips) | [📙](#redshift-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Route 53](#route-53) | [📗](#route-53-basics) | [📘](#route-53-tips) | [📙](#route-53-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [S3](#s3) | [📗](#s3-basics) | [📘](#s3-tips) | [📙](#s3-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Security and IAM](#security-and-iam) | [📗](#security-and-iam-basics) | [📘](#security-and-iam-tips) | [📙](#security-and-iam-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [SES](#ses) | [📗](#ses-basics) | [📘](#ses-tips) | [📙](#ses-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [SNS](#sns) | [📗](#sns-basics) | [📘](#sns-tips) | [📙](#sns-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [SQS](#sqs) | [📗](#sqs-basics) | [📘](#sqs-tips) | [📙](#sqs-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [Step Functions](#step-functions) | [📗](#step-functions-basics) | [📘](#step-functions-tips) | [📙](#step-functions-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [WAF](#waf) | [📗](#waf-basics) | [📘](#waf-tips) | [📙](#waf-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n| [VPCs, Network Security, and Security Groups](#vpcs-network-security-and-security-groups) | [📗](#vpc-basics) | [📘](#vpc-and-network-security-tips) | [📙](#vpc-and-network-security-gotchas-and-limitations) |\n\n**Special Topics**\n\n-\t[High Availability](#high-availability)\n-\t[Billing and Cost Management](#billing-and-cost-management)\n-\t[Further Reading](#further-reading)\n\n**Legal**\n\n-\t[Disclaimer](#disclaimer)\n-\t[License](#license)\n\n**Figures and Tables**\n\n[![Tools and Services Market Landscape](figures\u002Faws-market-landscape-320px.png)](#tools-and-services-market-landscape) [![AWS Data Transfer Costs](figures\u002Faws-data-transfer-costs-320px.png)](#aws-data-transfer-costs)\n\n-\t[Figure: Tools and Services Market Landscape](#tools-and-services-market-landscape): A selection of third-party companies\u002Fproducts\n-\t[Figure: AWS Data Transfer Costs](#aws-data-transfer-costs): Visual overview of data transfer costs\n-\t[Table: Service Matrix](#service-matrix): How AWS services compare to alternatives\n-\t[Table: AWS Product Maturity and Releases](#aws-product-maturity-and-releases): AWS product releases\n-\t[Table: Storage Durability, Availability, and Price](#storage-durability-availability-and-price): A quantitative comparison\n\nWhy an Open Guide?\n------------------\n\nA lot of information on AWS is already written. Most people learn AWS by reading a blog or a “[getting started guide](http:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002FAWSEC2\u002Flatest\u002FUserGuide\u002FEC2_GetStarted.html)” and referring to the [standard AWS references](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fdocumentation\u002F). Nonetheless, trustworthy and practical information and recommendations aren’t easy to come by. AWS’s own documentation is a great but sprawling resource few have time to read fully, and it doesn’t include anything but official facts, so omits experiences of engineers. The information in blogs or [Stack Overflow](http:\u002F\u002Fstackoverflow.com\u002Fquestions\u002Ftagged\u002Famazon-web-services) is also not consistently up to date.\n\nThis guide is by and for engineers who use AWS. It aims to be a useful, living reference that consolidates links, tips, gotchas, and best practices. It arose from discussion and editing over beers by [several engineers](AUTHORS.md) who have used AWS extensively.\n\nBefore using the guide, please read the [**license**](#license) and [**disclaimer**](#disclaimer).\n\n[Back to top :arrow_up:](#table-of-contents)\n### Please help!\n\n**This is an early in-progress draft!** It’s our first attempt at assembling this information, so is far from comprehensive still, and likely to have omissions or errors.\n\n[![Slack Chat](https:\u002F\u002Fimg.shields.io\u002Fbadge\u002FChat-Slack-ff69b4.svg \"Join us. Anyone is welcome!\")](http:\u002F\u002Fslackhatesthe.cloud)\n\nPlease help by [**joining the Slack channel**](http:\u002F\u002Fslackhatesthe.cloud) (we like to talk about AWS in general, even if you only have questions — discussion helps the community and guides improvements) and [**contributing to the guide**](CONTRIBUTING.md). This guide is *open to contributions*, so unlike a blog, it can keep improving. Like any open source effort, we combine efforts but also review to ensure high quality.\n\nScope\n-----\n\n-\tCurrently, this guide covers selected “core” services, such as EC2, S3, Load Balancers, EBS, and IAM, and partial details and tips around other services. We expect it to expand.\n-\tIt is not a tutorial, but rather a collection of information you can read and return to. It is for both beginners and the experienced.\n-\tThe goal of this guide is to be:\n\t-\t**Brief:** Keep it dense and use links\n\t-\t**Practical:** Basic facts, concrete details, advice, gotchas, and other “folk knowledge”\n\t-\t**Current:** We can keep updating it, and anyone can contribute improvements\n\t-\t**Thoughtful:** The goal is to be helpful rather than present dry facts. Thoughtful opinion with rationale is welcome. Suggestions, notes, and opinions based on real experience can be extremely valuable. (We believe this is both possible with a guide of this format, unlike in some [other venues](http:\u002F\u002Fmeta.stackexchange.com\u002Fquestions\u002F201994\u002Fis-there-a-place-to-ask-opinion-based-questions).)\n-\tThis guide is not sponsored by AWS or AWS-affiliated vendors. It is written by and for engineers who use AWS.\n\nLegend\n------\n\n-\t📒 Marks standard\u002Fofficial AWS pages and docs\n-\t🔹 Important or often overlooked tip\n-\t❗ “Serious” gotcha (used where risks or time or resource costs are significant: critical security risks, mistakes with significant financial cost, or poor architectural choices that are fundamentally difficult to correct)\n-\t🔸 “Regular” gotcha, limitation, or quirk (used where consequences are things not working, breaking, or not scaling gracefully)\n-\t📜 Undocumented feature (folklore)\n-\t🐥 Relatively new (and perhaps immature) services or features\n-\t⏱ Performance discussions\n-\t⛓ Lock-in: Products or decisions that are likely to tie you to AWS in a new or significant way — that is, later moving to a non-AWS alternative would be costly in terms of engineering effort\n-\t🚪 Alternative non-AWS options\n-\t💸 Cost issues, discussion, and gotchas\n-\t🕍 A mild warning attached to “full solution” or opinionated frameworks that may take significant time to understand and\u002For might not fit your needs exactly; the opposite of a point solution (the cathedral is a nod to [Raymond’s metaphor](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThe_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar)\\)\n-\t📗📘📙 Colors indicate basics, tips, and gotchas, respectively.\n-\t🚧 Areas where correction or improvement are needed (possibly with link to an issue — do help!)\n\nGeneral Information\n-------------------\n\n### When to Use AWS\n\n-\t[AWS](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmazon_Web_Services) is the dominant public cloud computing provider.\n\t-\tIn general, “[cloud computing](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCloud_computing)” can refer to one of three types of cloud: “public,” “private,” and “hybrid.” AWS is a public cloud provider, since anyone can use it. Private clouds are within a single (usually large) organization. Many companies use a hybrid of private and public clouds.\n\t-\tThe core features of AWS are [infrastructure-as-a-service](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCloud_computing#Infrastructure_as_a_service_.28IaaS.29) (IaaS) — that is, virtual machines and supporting infrastructure. Other cloud service models include [platform-as-a-service](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCloud_computing#Platform_as_a_service_.28PaaS.29) (PaaS), which typically are more fully managed services that deploy customers’ applications, or [software-as-a-service](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCloud_computing#Software_as_a_service_.28SaaS.29) (SaaS), which are cloud-based applications. AWS does offer a few products that fit into these other models, too.\n\t-\tIn business terms, with infrastructure-as-a-service you have a variable cost model — it is [OpEx, not CapEx](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.investopedia.com\u002Fask\u002Fanswers\u002F020915\u002Fwhat-difference-between-capex-and-opex.asp) (though some [pre-purchased contracts](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fec2\u002Fpurchasing-options\u002Freserved-instances\u002F) are still CapEx).\n  - AWS’s TTM revenue was [**$37.549 billion**](https:\u002F\u002Fir.aboutamazon.com\u002Fnews-release\u002Fnews-release-details\u002F2020\u002FAmazoncom-Announces-First-Quarter\u002Fdefault.aspx) as of Q1 2020 according to their earnings results (slide 14 in the linked deck), or roughly **14%** of Amazon.com’s total revenue (slide 11 in the same deck) for the same TTM period.\n-\t**Main reasons to use AWS:**\n\t-\tIf your company is building systems or products that may need to scale\n\t-\tand you have technical know-how\n\t-\tand you want the most flexible tools\n\t-\tand you’re not significantly tied into different infrastructure already\n\t-\tand you don’t have internal, regulatory, or compliance reasons you can’t use a public cloud-based solution\n\t-\tand you’re not on a Microsoft-first tech stack\n\t-\tand you don’t have a specific reason to use Google Cloud\n\t-\tand you can afford, manage, or negotiate its somewhat higher costs\n\t-\t... then AWS is likely a good option for your company.\n-\tEach of those reasons above might point to situations where other services are preferable. In practice, many, if not most, tech startups as well as a number of modern large companies can or already do benefit from using AWS. Many large enterprises are partly migrating internal infrastructure to Azure, Google Cloud, and AWS.\n-\t**Costs:** Billing and cost management are such big topics that we have [an entire section on this](#billing-and-cost-management).\n-\t🔹**EC2 vs. other services:** Most users of AWS are most familiar with [EC2](#ec2), AWS’ flagship virtual server product, and possibly a few others like S3 and CLBs. But AWS products now extend far beyond basic IaaS, and often companies do not properly understand or appreciate all the many AWS services and how they can be applied, due to the [sharply growing](#which-services-to-use) number of services, their novelty and complexity, branding confusion, and fear of ⛓lock-in to proprietary AWS technology. Although a bit daunting, it’s important for technical decision-makers in companies to understand the breadth of the AWS services and make informed decisions. (We hope this guide will help.)\n-\t🚪**AWS vs. other cloud providers:** While AWS is the dominant IaaS provider (31% market share in [this 2016 estimate](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.srgresearch.com\u002Farticles\u002Faws-remains-dominant-despite-microsoft-and-google-growth-surges)), there is significant competition and alternatives that are better suited to some companies. [This Gartner report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gartner.com\u002Fdoc\u002Freprints?id=1-2G2O5FC&ct=150519&st=sb) has a good overview of the major cloud players :\n\t-\t[**Google Cloud Platform**](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002F). GCP arrived later to market than AWS, but has vast resources and is now used widely by many companies, including a few large ones. It is gaining market share. Not all AWS services have similar or analogous services in GCP. And vice versa: In particular, GCP offers some more advanced machine learning-based services like the [Vision](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fvision\u002F), [Speech](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fspeech\u002F), and [Natural Language](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fnatural-language\u002F) APIs. It’s not common to switch once you’re up and running, but it does happen: [Spotify migrated](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.wsj.com\u002Farticles\u002Fgoogle-cloud-lures-amazon-web-services-customer-spotify-1456270951) from AWS to Google Cloud. There is more discussion [on Quora](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quora.com\u002FWhat-are-the-reasons-to-choose-AWS-over-Google-Cloud-or-vice-versa-for-a-high-traffic-web-application) about relative benefits. Of particular note is that VPCs in GCP are [global by default](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fvpc\u002F) with subnetworks per region, while AWS’ VPCs have to live within a particular region. This gives GCP an edge if you’re designing applications with geo-replication from the beginning. It’s also possible to [share one GCP VPC](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fcompute\u002Fdocs\u002Fshared-vpc\u002F) between multiple projects (roughly analogous to AWS accounts), while in AWS you’d have to peer them. It’s also possible to [peer GCP VPCs](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fcompute\u002Fdocs\u002Fvpc\u002Fvpc-peering) in a similar manner to how it’s done in AWS.\n\t-\t[**Microsoft Azure**](https:\u002F\u002Fazure.microsoft.com\u002Fen) is the de facto choice for companies and teams that are focused on a Microsoft stack, and it has now placed significant emphasis on Linux as well\n\t-\tIn **China**, AWS’ footprint is relatively small. The market is dominated by Alibaba’s [Alibaba Cloud](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alibabacloud.com\u002F), formerly called [Aliyun](https:\u002F\u002Fintl.aliyun.com\u002F).\n\t-\tCompanies at (very) large scale may want to reduce costs by managing their own infrastructure. For example, [Dropbox migrated](https:\u002F\u002Fnews.ycombinator.com\u002Fitem?id=11282948) to their own infrastructure.\n\t-\tOther cloud providers such as [Digital Ocean](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.digitalocean.com\u002F) offer similar services, sometimes with greater ease of use, more personalized support, or lower cost. However, none of these match the breadth of products, mind-share, and market domination AWS now enjoys.\n\t-\tTraditional managed hosting providers such as [Rackspace](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rackspace.com\u002F) offer cloud solutions as well.\n-\t🚪**AWS vs. PaaS:** If your goal is just to put up a single service that does something relatively simple, and you’re trying to minimize time managing operations engineering, consider a [platform-as-a-service](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPlatform_as_a_service) such as [Heroku](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.heroku.com\u002F). The AWS approach to PaaS, Elastic Beanstalk, is arguably more complex, especially for simple use cases.\n-\t🚪**AWS vs. web hosting:** If your main goal is to host a website or blog, and you don’t expect to be building an app or more complex service, you may wish consider one of the myriad [web hosting services](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fsearch?q=web+hosting).\n-\t🚪**AWS vs. managed hosting:** Traditionally, many companies pay [managed hosting](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDedicated_hosting_service) providers to maintain physical servers for them, then build and deploy their software on top of the rented hardware. This makes sense for businesses who want direct control over hardware, due to legacy, performance, or special compliance constraints, but is usually considered old fashioned or unnecessary by many developer-centric startups and younger tech companies.\n-\t**Complexity:** AWS will let you build and scale systems to the size of the largest companies, but the complexity of the services when used at scale requires significant depth of knowledge and experience. Even very simple use cases often require more knowledge to do “right” in AWS than in a simpler environment like Heroku or Digital Ocean. (This guide may help!)\n-\t**Geographic locations:** AWS has data centers in [over a dozen geographic locations](http:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002FAWSEC2\u002Flatest\u002FUserGuide\u002Fusing-regions-availability-zones.html#concepts-available-regions), known as **regions**, in Europe, East Asia, North and South America, and now Australia and India. It also has many more **edge locations** globally for reduced latency of services like CloudFront.\n\t-\tSee the [current list](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fabout-aws\u002Fglobal-infrastructure\u002F) of regions and edge locations, including upcoming ones.\n\t-\tIf your infrastructure needs to be in close physical proximity to another service for latency or throughput reasons (for example, latency to an ad exchange), viability of AWS may depend on the location.\n-\t⛓**Lock-in:** As you use AWS, it’s important to be aware when you are depending on AWS services that do not have equivalents elsewhere.\n\t-\tLock-in may be completely fine for your company, or a significant risk. It’s important from a business perspective to make this choice explicitly, and consider the cost, operational, business continuity, and competitive risks of being tied to AWS. AWS is such a dominant and reliable vendor, many companies are comfortable with using AWS to its full extent. Others can tell stories about the [dangers of “cloud jail” when costs spiral](http:\u002F\u002Ffirstround.com\u002Freview\u002Fthe-three-infrastructure-mistakes-your-company-must-not-make\u002F).\n\t-\tGenerally, the more AWS services you use, the more lock-in you have to AWS — that is, the more engineering resources (time and money) it will take to change to other providers in the future.\n\t-\tBasic services like virtual servers and standard databases are usually easy to migrate to other providers or on premises. Others like load balancers and IAM are specific to AWS but have close equivalents from other providers. The key thing to consider is whether engineers are architecting systems around specific AWS services that are not open source or relatively interchangeable. For example, Lambda, API Gateway, Kinesis, Redshift, and DynamoDB do not have substantially equivalent open source or commercial service equivalents, while EC2, RDS (MySQL or Postgres), EMR, and ElastiCache more or less do. (See more [below](#which-services-to-use), where these are noted with ⛓.)\n-\t**Combining AWS and other cloud providers:** Many customers combine AWS with other non-AWS services. For example, legacy systems or secure data might be in a managed hosting provider, while other systems are AWS. Or a company might only use S3 with another provider doing everything else. However small startups or projects starting fresh will typically stick to AWS or Google Cloud only.\n-\t**Hybrid cloud:** In larger enterprises, it is common to have [hybrid deployments](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fenterprise\u002Fhybrid\u002F) encompassing private cloud or on-premises servers and AWS — or other enterprise cloud providers like [IBM](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Fit-infrastructure\u002Fsolutions\u002Fhybrid-cloud)\u002F[Bluemix](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Fcloud-computing\u002Fbluemix\u002Fhybrid\u002F), [Microsoft](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fcloud-platform\u002Fhybrid-cloud)\u002F[Azure](https:\u002F\u002Fazure.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Foverview\u002Fazure-stack\u002F), [NetApp](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.netapp.com\u002Fus\u002Fsolutions\u002Fcloud\u002Fhybrid-cloud\u002F), or [EMC](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.emc.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fcloud\u002Fhybrid-cloud-computing\u002Findex.htm).\n-\t**Major customers:** Who uses AWS and Google Cloud?\n\t-\tAWS’s [list of customers](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fsolutions\u002Fcase-studies\u002F) includes large numbers of mainstream online properties and major brands, such as Netflix, Pinterest, Spotify (moving to Google Cloud), Airbnb, Expedia, Yelp, Zynga, Comcast, Nokia, and Bristol-Myers Squibb.\n\t-\tAzure’s [list of customers](https:\u002F\u002Fazure.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fcase-studies\u002F) includes companies such as NBC Universal, 3M and Honeywell Inc.\n\t-\tGoogle Cloud’s [list of customers](https:\u002F\u002Fcloud.google.com\u002Fcustomers\u002F) is large as well, and includes a few mainstream sites, such as [Snapchat](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fsnapchat-is-built-on-googles-cloud-2014-1), Best Buy, Domino’s, and Sony Music.\n\n[Back to top :arrow_up:](#table-of-contents)\n### Which Services to Use\n\n-\tAWS offers a *lot* of different services — [about a hundred](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fproducts\u002F) at last count.\n-\tMost customers use a few services heavily, a few services lightly, and the rest not at all. What services you’ll use depends on your use cases. Choices differ substantially from company to company.\n-\t**Immature and unpopular services:** Just because AWS has a service that sounds promising, it doesn’t mean you should use it. Some services are very narrow in use case, not mature, are overly opinionated, or have limitations, so building your own solution may be better. We try to give a sense for this by breaking products into categories.\n-\t**Must-know infrastructure:** Most typical small to medium-size users will focus on the following services first. If you manage use of AWS systems, you likely need to know at least a little about all of these. (Even if you don’t use them, you should learn enough to make that choice intelligently.)\n\t-\t[IAM](#security-and-iam): User accounts and identities (you need to think about accounts early on!)\n\t-\t[EC2](#ec2): Virtual servers and associated components, including:\n\t\t-\t[AMIs](#amis): Machine Images\n\t\t-\t[Load Balancers](#load-balancers): CLBs and ALBs\n\t\t-\t[Autoscaling](#auto-scaling): Capacity scaling (adding and removing servers based on load)\n\t\t-\t[EBS](#ebs): Network-attached disks\n\t\t-\t[Elastic IPs](#elastic-ips): Assigned IP addresses\n\t-\t[S3](#s3): Storage of files\n\t-\t[Route 53](#route-53): DNS and domain registration\n\t-\t[VPC](#vpcs-network-security-and-security-groups): Virtual networking, network security, and co-location; you automatically use\n\t-\t[CloudFront](#cloudfront): CDN for hosting content\n\t-\t[CloudWatch](#cloudwatch): Alerts, paging, monitoring\n-\t**Managed services:** Existing software solutions you could run on your own, but with managed deployment:\n\t-\t[RDS](#rds): Managed relational databases (managed MySQL, Postgres, and Amazon’s own Aurora database)\n\t-\t[EMR](#emr): Managed Hadoop\n\t-\t[Elasticsearch](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Felasticsearch-service\u002F): Managed Elasticsearch\n\t-\t[ElastiCache](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Felasticache\u002F): Managed Redis and Memcached\n-\t**Optional but important infrastructure:** These are key and useful infrastructure components that are less widely known and used. You may have legitimate reasons to prefer alternatives, so evaluate with care to be sure they fit your needs:\n\t-\t⛓[Lambda](#lambda): Running small, fully managed tasks “serverless”\n\t-\t[CloudTrail](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fcloudtrail\u002F): AWS API logging and audit (often neglected but important)\n\t-\t⛓🕍[CloudFormation](#cloudformation): Templatized configuration of collections of AWS resources\n\t-\t🕍[Elastic Beanstalk](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Felasticbeanstalk\u002F): Fully managed (PaaS) deployment of packaged Java, .NET, PHP, Node.js, Python, Ruby, Go, and Docker applications\n\t-\t🐥[EFS](#efs): Network filesystem compatible with NFSv4.1\n\t-\t⛓🕍[ECS](#ecs): Docker container\u002Fcluster management (note Docker can also be used directly, without ECS)\n\t-   🕍 [EKS](#eks): Kubernetes (K8) Docker Container\u002FCluster management\n\t-\t⛓[ECR](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fecr\u002F): Hosted private Docker registry\n\t-\t🐥[Config](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fconfig\u002F): AWS configuration inventory, history, change notifications\n\t-\t🐥[X-Ray](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fxray\u002F): Trace analysis and debugging for distributed applications such as microservices.\n-\t**Special-purpose infrastructure:** These services are focused on specific use cases and should be evaluated if they apply to your situation. Many also are proprietary architectures, so tend to tie you to AWS.\n\t-\t⛓[DynamoDB](#dynamodb): Low-latency NoSQL key-value store\n\t-\t⛓[Glacier](#glacier): Slow and cheap alternative to S3\n\t-\t⛓[Kinesis](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fkinesis\u002F): Streaming (distributed log) service\n\t-\t⛓[SQS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fsqs\u002F): Message queueing service\n\t-\t⛓[Redshift](#redshift): Data warehouse\n\t-\t🐥[QuickSight](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fquicksight\u002F): Business intelligence service\n\t-\t[SES](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fses\u002F): Send and receive e-mail for marketing or transactions\n\t-\t⛓[API Gateway](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fapi-gateway\u002F): Proxy, manage, and secure API calls\n\t-\t⛓[IoT](#iot): Manage bidirectional communication over HTTP, WebSockets, and MQTT between AWS and clients (often but not necessarily “things” like appliances or sensors)\n\t-\t⛓[WAF](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fwaf\u002F): Web firewall for CloudFront to deflect attacks\n\t-\t⛓[KMS](#kms): Store and manage encryption keys securely\n\t-\t[Inspector](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Finspector\u002F): Security audit\n\t-\t[Trusted Advisor](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fpremiumsupport\u002Ftrustedadvisor\u002F): Automated tips on reducing cost or making improvements\n\t-\t🐥[Certificate Manager](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fcertificate-manager\u002F): Manage SSL\u002FTLS certificates for AWS services\n\t-\t🐥⛓[Fargate](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Ffargate\u002F): Docker containers management, backend for ECS and EKS\n-\t**Compound services:** These are similarly specific, but are full-blown services that tackle complex problems and may tie you in. Usefulness depends on your requirements. If you have large or significant need, you may have these already managed by in-house systems and engineering teams.\n\t-\t[Machine Learning](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fmachine-learning\u002F): Machine learning model training and classification\n\t-\t[Lex](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Flex\u002F): Automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language understanding (NLU)\n\t-\t[Polly](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fpolly\u002F): Text-to-speech engine in the cloud\n\t-\t[Rekognition](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Frekognition\u002F): Service for image recognition\n\t-\t⛓🕍[Data Pipeline](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fdatapipeline\u002F): Managed ETL service\n\t-\t⛓🕍[SWF](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fswf\u002F): Managed state tracker for distributed polyglot job workflow\n\t-\t⛓🕍[Lumberyard](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Flumberyard\u002F): 3D game engine\n-\t**Mobile\u002Fapp development:**\n\t-\t[SNS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fsns\u002F): Manage app push notifications and other end-user notifications\n\t-\t⛓🕍[Cognito](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fcognito\u002F): User authentication via Facebook, Twitter, etc.\n\t-\t[Device Farm](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fdevice-farm\u002F): Cloud-based device testing\n\t-\t[Mobile Analytics](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fmobileanalytics\u002F): Analytics solution for app usage\n\t-\t🕍[Mobile Hub](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fmobile\u002F): Comprehensive, managed mobile app framework\n-\t**Enterprise services:** These are relevant if you have significant corporate cloud-based or hybrid needs. Many smaller companies and startups use other solutions, like Google Apps or Box. Larger companies may also have their own non-AWS IT solutions.\n\t-\t[AppStream](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fappstream\u002F): Windows apps in the cloud, with access from many devices\n\t-\t[Workspaces](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fworkspaces\u002F): Windows desktop in the cloud, with access from many devices\n\t-\t[WorkDocs](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fworkdocs\u002F) (formerly Zocalo): Enterprise document sharing\n\t-\t[WorkMail](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fworkmail\u002F): Enterprise managed e-mail and calendaring service\n\t-\t[Directory Service](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fdirectoryservice\u002F): Microsoft Active Directory in the cloud\n\t-\t[Direct Connect](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fdirectconnect\u002F): Dedicated network connection between office or data center and AWS\n\t-\t[Storage Gateway](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fstoragegateway\u002F): Bridge between on-premises IT and cloud storage\n\t-\t[Service Catalog](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fservicecatalog\u002F): IT service approval and compliance\n-\t**Probably-don't-need-to-know services:** Bottom line, our informal polling indicates these services are just not broadly used — and often for good reasons:\n\t-\t[Snowball](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fimportexport\u002F): If you want to ship petabytes of data into or out of Amazon using a physical appliance, read on.\n\t-\t[Snowmobile](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fsnowmobile\u002F): Appliances are great, but if you've got exabyte scale data to get into Amazon, nothing beats a tractor trailer full of drives.\n\t-\t[CodeCommit](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fcodecommit\u002F): Git service. You’re probably already using GitHub or your own solution ([Stackshare](http:\u002F\u002Fstackshare.io\u002Fstackups\u002Fgithub-vs-bitbucket-vs-aws-codecommit) has informal stats).\n\t-\t🕍[CodePipeline](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fcodepipeline\u002F): Continuous integration. You likely have another solution already.\n\t-\t🕍[CodeDeploy](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fcodedeploy\u002F): Deployment of code to EC2 servers. Again, you likely have another solution.\n\t-\t🕍[OpsWorks](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fopsworks\u002F): Management of your deployments using Chef or (as of November 2017) Puppet Enterprise.\n-\t[AWS in Plain English](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.expeditedssl.com\u002Faws-in-plain-english) offers more friendly explanation of what all the other different services are.\n\n[Back to top :arrow_up:](#table-of-contents)\n### Tools and Services Market Landscape\n\nThere are now enough cloud and “big data” enterprise companies and products that few can keep up with the market landscape.\n\nWe’ve assembled a landscape of a few of the services. This is far from complete, but tries to emphasize services that are popular with AWS practitioners — services that specifically help with AWS, or a complementary, or tools almost anyone using AWS must learn.\n\n![Popular Tools and Services for AWS Practitioners](figures\u002Faws-market-landscape.png)\n\n🚧 *Suggestions to improve this figure? Please [file an issue](CONTRIBUTING.md).*\n\n\n[Back to top :arrow_up:](#table-of-contents)\n### Common Concepts\n\n-\t📒 The AWS [**General Reference**](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fgeneral\u002Flatest\u002Fgr\u002FWelcome.html) covers a bunch of common concepts that are relevant for multiple services.\n-\tAWS allows deployments in [**regions**](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fgeneral\u002Flatest\u002Fgr\u002Frande.html), which are isolated geographic locations that help you reduce latency or offer additional redundancy. Regions contain availability zones(AZs), which are typically the first tool of choice for [high availability](#high-availability)). AZs are [physically separate from one another](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=JIQETrFC_SQ&feature=youtu.be&t=1428) even within the same region, and [may span multiple physical data centers](https:\u002F\u002Fblog.rackspace.com\u002Faws-101-regions-availability-zones). While they are connected via low latency links, natural disasters afflicting one should not affect others.\n-\tEach service has API **endpoints** for each region. Endpoints differ from service to service and not all services are available in each region, as listed in [these tables](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fgeneral\u002Flatest\u002Fgr\u002Frande.html).\n-\t[**Amazon Resource Names (ARNs)**](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fgeneral\u002Flatest\u002Fgr\u002Faws-arns-and-namespaces.html) are specially formatted identifiers for identifying resources. They start with 'arn:' and are used in many services, and in particular for IAM policies.\n\n[Back to top :arrow_up:](#table-of-contents)\n### Service Matrix\n\nMany services within AWS can at least be compared with Google Cloud offerings or with internal Google services. And often times you could assemble the same thing yourself with open source software. This table is an effort at listing these rough correspondences. (Remember that this table is imperfect as in almost every case there are subtle differences of features!)\n\n| Service                       | AWS                                                                          | Google Cloud                 | Google Internal | Microsoft Azure                    | Other providers                   | Open source “build your own”                               | Openstack     |\n|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|-----------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Virtual server                | EC2                                                                          | Compute Engine (GCE)         |                 | Virtual Machine                    | DigitalOcean                      | OpenStack                                                  | Nova |\n| PaaS                          | Elastic Beanstalk                                                            | App Engine                   | App Engine      | Web Apps                           | Heroku, AppFog, OpenShift | Meteor, AppScale, Cloud Foundry, Convox                    |\n| Serverless, microservices     | Lambda, API Gateway                                                          | Functions                    |                 | Function Apps                      | PubNub Blocks, Auth0 Webtask      | Kong, Tyk                                                  | Qinling |\n| Container, cluster manager    | ECS, EKS, Fargate                                                                 | Container Engine, Kubernetes | Borg or Omega   | Container Service                  |                                   | Kubernetes, Mesos, Aurora                                  |  Zun |\n| Object storage                  | S3                                                                           | Cloud Storage                | GFS             | Storage Account                    | DigitalOcean Spaces               | Swift, HDFS, Minio                                         | Swift |\n| Block storage                 | EBS                                                                          | Persistent Disk              |                 | Storage Account                    | DigitalOcean Volumes              | NFS                                                        | Cinder |\n| SQL datastore                 | RDS                                                                          | Cloud SQL                    |                 | SQL Database                       |                                   | MySQL, PostgreSQL                                          | Trove (stores NoSQL as well) |\n| Sharded RDBMS                 |                                                                              | Cloud Spanner                | F1, Spanner     | Azure Database for PostgreSQL - Hyperscale (Citus) |                                   | Crate.io, CockroachDB                                      |\n| Bigtable                      |                                                                              | Cloud Bigtable               | Bigtable        |                                    |                                   | HBase                                                      |\n| Key-value store, column store | DynamoDB                                                                     | Cloud Datastore              | Megastore       | Tables, DocumentDB                 |                                   | Cassandra, CouchDB, RethinkDB, Redis                       |\n| Memory cache                  | ElastiCache                                                                  | App Engine Memcache          |                 | Redis Cache                        |                                   | Memcached, Redis                                           |\n| Search                        | CloudSearch, Elasticsearch (managed)                                         |                              |                 | Search                             | Algolia, QBox, Elastic Cloud                     | Elasticsearch, Solr                                        |\n| Data warehouse                | Redshift                                                                     | BigQuery                     | Dremel          | SQL Data Warehouse                 | Oracle, IBM, SAP, HP, many others | Greenplum                                                  |\n| Business intelligence         | QuickSight                                                                   | Data Studio 360               |                 | Power BI                           | Tableau                           |                                                            |\n| Lock manager                  | [DynamoDB (weak)](https:\u002F\u002Fgist.github.com\u002Fryandotsmith\u002Fc95fd21fab91b0823328) |                              | Chubby          | Lease blobs in Storage Account     |                                   | ZooKeeper, Etcd, Consul                                    |\n| Message broker                | SQS, SNS, IoT                                                                | Pub\u002FSub                      | PubSub2         | Service Bus                        |                                   | RabbitMQ, Kafka, 0MQ                                       |\n| Streaming, distributed log    | Kinesis                                                                      | Dataflow                     | PubSub2         | Event Hubs                         |                                   | Kafka Streams, Apex, Flink, Spark Streaming, Storm         |\n| MapReduce                     | EMR                                                                          | Dataproc                     | MapReduce       | HDInsight, DataLake Analytics      | Qubole                            | Hadoop                                                     |\n| Monitoring                    | CloudWatch                                                                   | Stackdriver Monitoring       | Borgmon         | Monitor                            |                                   | Prometheus(?)                                              |\n| Tracing                       | X-Ray                                                                        | Stackdriver Trace            |                 | Monitor (Application Insights)     |  DataDog, New Relic, Epsagon      | Zipkin, Jaeger, Appdash\n| Metric management             |                                                                              |                              | Borgmon, TSDB   | Application Insights               |                                   | Graphite, InfluxDB, OpenTSDB, Grafana, Riemann, Prometheus |\n| CDN                           | CloudFront                                                                   | Cloud CDN                    |                 | CDN                                |  Akamai, Fastly, Cloudflare, Limelight Networks                                 | Apache Traffic Server                                      |\n| Load balancer                 | CLB\u002FALB                                                                      | Load Balancing               | GFE             | Load Balancer, Application Gateway |                                   | nginx, HAProxy, Apache Traffic Server                      |\n| DNS                           | Route53                                                                      | DNS                          |                 | DNS                                |                                   | bind                                                       |\n| Email                         | SES                                                                          |                              |                 |                                    | Sendgrid, Mandrill, Postmark      |                                                            |\n| Git hosting                   | CodeCommit                                                                   | Cloud Source Repositories    |                 | Visual Studio Team Services        | GitHub, BitBucket                 | GitLab                                                     |\n| User authentication           | Cognito                                                                      |    Firebase Authentication                          |                 | Azure Active Directory             |                                   | oauth.io                                                   |\n| Mobile app analytics          | Mobile Analytics                                                             | Firebase Analytics           |                 | HockeyApp                          | Mixpanel                          |                                                            |\n| Mobile app testing            | Device Farm                                                                  | Firebase Test Lab            |                 | Xamarin Test Cloud                 | BrowserStack, Sauce Labs, Testdroid                                                            |\n| Managing SSL\u002FTLS certificates            | Certificate Manager                                                                  |                |                 |                 | Let's Encrypt, Comodo, Symantec, GlobalSign |\n| Automatic speech recognition and natural language understanding            | Transcribe (ASR), Lex (NLU)     | Cloud Speech API, Natural Language API             |                 | Cognitive services                | AYLIEN Text Analysis API, Ambiverse Natural Language Understanding API  |Stanford's Core NLP Suite, Apache OpenNLP, Apache UIMA, spaCy |\n| Text-to-speech engine in the cloud            | Polly                                                                  |                |                 |                 |Nuance, Vocalware, IBM | Mimic, eSpeak, MaryTTS |\n| Image recognition            | Rekognition                                                            |   Vision API              |                |Cognitive services                 | IBM Watson, Clarifai |TensorFlow, OpenCV |\n| OCR (Text recognition)       | Textract (documents), Rekognition (photographs)                               | Cloud Vision API             |                 | Computer Vision API                |                                   | Tesseract                                                  |\n| Language Translation          | Translate                                                                    | Translate                    |                 | Translator Text API                |                                   | Apertium                                                   |\n| File Share and Sync          | WorkDocs                                                                   |   Google Docs                 |                 |OneDrive                  |       Dropbox, Box, Citrix File Share                  |ownCloud |\n| Machine Learning          | SageMaker, DeepLens, ML                                                                   |   ML Engine, Auto ML                 |                 |ML Studio                  |       Watson ML                  |  |\n| Data Loss Prevention         | Macie                                                                         | Cloud Data Loss Prevention   |                | Azure Information Protection        |                                   |                                                            |\n\n🚧 [*Please help fill this table in.*](CONTRIBUTING.md)\n\nSelected resources with more detail on this chart:\n\n-\tGoogle internal: [MapReduce](http:\u002F\u002Fresearch.google.com\u002Farchive\u002Fmapreduce.html), [Bigtable](http:\u002F\u002Fresearch.google.com\u002Farchive\u002Fbigtable.html), [Spanner](http:\u002F\u002Fresearch.google.com\u002Farchive\u002Fspanner.html), [F1 vs Spanner](http:\u002F\u002Fhighscalability.com\u002Fblog\u002F2013\u002F10\u002F8\u002Ff1-and-spanner-holistically-compared.html), [Bigtable vs Megastore](http:\u002F\u002Fperspectives.mvdirona.com\u002F2008\u002F07\u002Fgoogle-megastore\u002F)\n\n[Back to top :arrow_up:](#table-of-contents)\n### AWS Product Maturity and Releases\n\nIt’s important to know the maturity of each AWS product. Here is a mostly complete list of first release date, with links to the [release notes](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002F). Most recently released services are first. Not all services are available in all regions; see [this table](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fabout-aws\u002Fglobal-infrastructure\u002Fregional-product-services\u002F).\n\n| Service                                                                                                    | Original release | Availability                                                                  | CLI Support | HIPAA Compliant | PCI-DSS Compliant |\n|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------:|:---------------:|:-----------------:|\n| 🐥[X-Ray](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-X-Ray?browse=1)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  | 2016-12          | General\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  |✓            |✓                |✓                   |\n| 🐥[Lex](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Lex?browse=1)                                           | 2016-11          | Preview                                                                       |             |                 |                   |\n| 🐥[Polly](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Polly?browse=1)                                       | 2016-11          | General                                                                       |✓            |✓                |✓                   |\n| 🐥[Rekognition](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Rekognition?browse=1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 2016-11          | General                                                                       |✓            |✓\t\t\t\t |✓  \t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Athena](http:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fathena\u002Flatest\u002Fug\u002Fwhat-is.html) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 2016-11          | General                                                                       |✓             |✓               |✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Batch](http:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fbatch\u002Flatest\u002Fuserguide\u002Fwhat-is-batch.html) \t\t\t\t\t\t\t | 2016-11          | General                                                                       |✓             |✓\t\t\t|✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Database Migration Service](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Database-Migration-Service?browse=1) | 2016-03          | General                                                                      |              | ✓         \t\t|\t✓    \t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Certificate Manager](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fblogs\u002Faws\u002Fnew-aws-certificate-manager-deploy-ssltls-based-apps-on-aws\u002F) | 2016-01          | General                                                            | ✓\t\t   |✓\t\t\t|✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[IoT](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fblogs\u002Faws\u002Faws-iot-now-generally-available\u002F)                                  | 2015-08          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\t\t\t|✓\u003Csup>[13](#user-content-pci-iot)\u003C\u002Fsup>\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[WAF](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-WAF?browse=1)                                               | 2015-10          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓    \t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Data Pipeline](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Data-Pipeline?browse=1)                           | 2015-10          | General                                                                       | ✓           |\t\t\t\t|\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Elasticsearch](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Elasticsearch-Service?browse=1)                | 2015-10          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\t\t\t|✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Aurora](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002F2775579329314699)                                            | 2015-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓\u003Csup>[3](#user-content-hipaa-aurora)\u003C\u002Fsup> |\t✓\u003Csup>[3](#user-content-hipaa-aurora)\u003C\u002Fsup>\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Service Catalog](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Service-Catalog?browse=1)                       | 2015-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\t\t\t|✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Device Farm](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Device-Farm?browse=1)                         \t  | 2015-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           |\t\t\t\t|\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[CodePipeline](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-CodePipeline?browse=1)                             | 2015-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\t\t\t|\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[CodeCommit](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-CodeCommit?browse=1)                                 | 2015-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\t\t\t|✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| 🐥[API Gateway](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-API-Gateway?browse=1)                            | 2015-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓\u003Csup>[1](#user-content-hipaa-apigateway)\u003C\u002Fsup>  |\t ✓ \t\t\t|\n| 🐥[Config](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Config?browse=1)                                         | 2015-06          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |  ✓              |\n| 🐥[EFS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-EFS?browse=1)                                            | 2015-05          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |✓                  |\n| 🐥[Machine Learning](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazonML?browse=1)                                 | 2015-04          | General                                                                       | ✓           |                 |                  |\n| [Lambda](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Lambda?browse=1)                                          | 2014-11          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |   ✓             |\n| [ECS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fecs\u002Frelease-notes\u002F)                                                           | 2014-11          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓   \t\t\t|\n| [EKS](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Feks\u002Flatest\u002Fuserguide\u002Fplatform-versions.html)                                                           | 2018-06          | General                                                                       | ✓\u003Csup>[12](#user-content-eks-cli)\u003C\u002Fsup>           |✓         \t\t|✓\t  \t\t\t|\n| [KMS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-KMS?browse=1)                                                | 2014-11          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |   ✓             |\n| [CodeDeploy](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-CodeDeploy?browse=1)                                  | 2014-11          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |                  |\n| [Kinesis](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Kinesis?browse=1)                                     | 2013-12          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |   ✓\u003Csup>[11](#user-content-pci-kinesis)\u003C\u002Fsup>    |\n| [CloudTrail](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-CloudTrail?browse=1)                                  | 2013-11          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |   ✓             |\n| [AppStream](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-AppStream?browse=1)                                 | 2013-11          | Preview                                                                       |             |✓                |                  |\n| [CloudHSM](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-CloudHSM?browse=1)                                      | 2013-03          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |   ✓            |\n| [Silk](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Silk?browse=1)                                           | 2013-03          | Obsolete?                                                                     |             |                 |                  |\n| [OpsWorks](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-OpsWorks?browse=1)                                      | 2013-02          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |   ✓             |\n| [Redshift](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Redshift?browse=1)                                   | 2013-02          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓   \t\t\t|\n| [Elastic Transcoder](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Elastic-Transcoder?browse=1)               | 2013-01          | General                                                                       | ✓           |                 |                  |\n| [Glacier](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Glacier?browse=1)                                     | 2012-08          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓\t    \t\t|\n| [CloudSearch](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-CloudSearch?browse=1)                             | 2012-04          | General                                                                       | ✓           |                 |                  |\n| [SWF](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-SWF?browse=1)                                             | 2012-02          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                | ✓                |\n| [Storage Gateway](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Storage-Gateway?browse=1)                        | 2012-01          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |✓                  |\n| [DynamoDB](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-DynamoDB?browse=1)                                   | 2012-01          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t  ✓  \t\t\t|\n| [DirectConnect](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Direct-Connect?browse=1)                           | 2011-08          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓   \t\t\t|\n| [ElastiCache](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-ElastiCache?browse=1)                             | 2011-08          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\u003Csup>[14](#user-content-pci-elasticache)\u003C\u002Fsup> |✓\u003Csup>[14](#user-content-pci-elasticache)\u003C\u002Fsup>                  |\n| [CloudFormation](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-CloudFormation?browse=1)                          | 2011-04          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |  ✓              |\n| [SES](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-SES?browse=1)                                             | 2011-01          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |                  |\n| [Elastic Beanstalk](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Elastic-Beanstalk?browse=1)                    | 2010-12          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |  ✓              |\n| [Route 53](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-Route-53?browse=1)                                   | 2010-10          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                | ✓               |\n| [IAM](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-Identity-and-Access-Management?browse=1)                     | 2010-09          | General                                                                       | ✓           |                 |  ✓              |\n| [SNS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-SNS?browse=1)                                             | 2010-04          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t| ✓\t\t\t\t\t|\n| [EMR](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FElastic-MapReduce?browse=1)                                      | 2010-04          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓   \t\t\t|\n| [RDS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-RDS?browse=1)                                             | 2009-12          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓\u003Csup>[2](#user-content-hipaa-rds)\u003C\u002Fsup>        |✓\u003Csup>[9](#user-content-pci-rds)\u003C\u002Fsup>\t\t\t\t|\n| [VPC](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-VPC?browse=1)                                             | 2009-08          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|\t✓   \t\t\t|\n| [Snowball](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAWS-ImportExport?browse=1)                                  | 2015-10          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t|✓\u003Csup>[15](#user-content-pci-snowball)\u003C\u002Fsup>\t\t\t\t\t|\n| [Snowmobile](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fsnowmobile\u002F)                                                           | 2016-11          | General                                                                       |            |✓                |✓                  |\n| [CloudWatch](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FCloudWatch?browse=1)                                      | 2009-05          | General                                                                       | ✓           |✓                |  ✓               |\n| [CloudFront](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FCloudFront?browse=1)                                      | 2008-11          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓\u003Csup>[4](#user-content-hipaa-cloudfront)\u003C\u002Fsup>        |  ✓\t\t\t\t|\n| [Fulfillment Web Service](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-FWS?browse=1)                         | 2008-03          | Obsolete?                                                                     |             |                 |                  |\n| [SimpleDB](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-SimpleDB?browse=1)                                   | 2007-12          | ❗[Nearly obsolete](https:\u002F\u002Fforums.aws.amazon.com\u002Fthread.jspa?threadID=121711) | ✓           |                 |  ✓              |\n| [DevPay](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FDevPay?browse=1)                                              | 2007-12          | General                                                                       |             |                 |                  |\n| [Flexible Payments Service](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-FPS?browse=1)                       | 2007-08          | Retired                                                                       |             |                 |                  |\n| [EC2](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-EC2?browse=1)                                             | 2006-08          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓\u003Csup>[5](#user-content-hipaa-ec2sysmgr),[6](#user-content-hipaa-ec2ebs),[7](#user-content-hipaa-ec2elb)\u003C\u002Fsup>          |\t✓\u003Csup>[6](#user-content-hipaa-ec2ebs),[7](#user-content-hipaa-ec2elb),[10](#user-content-pci-asg)\u003C\u002Fsup>\t\t\t|\n| [SQS](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-SQS?browse=1)                                             | 2006-07          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓         \t\t| ✓               |\n| [S3](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Freleasenotes\u002FAmazon-S3?browse=1)                                               | 2006-03          | General                                                                       | ✓           | ✓\u003Csup>[8](#user-content-hipaa-s3)\u003C\u002Fsup>   |\t✓   \t\t\t|\n| [Alexa Top Sites](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Falexa-top-sites\u002F)                                                 | 2006-01          | General ❗HTTP-only                                                            |             |                 |                  |\n| [Alexa Web Information Service](https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fawis\u002F)                                              | 2005-10          | General ❗HTTP-only                    ","open-guides\u002Fog-aws 是一个实用的 Amazon Web Services (AWS) 指南项目。该项目通过提供详细的文档和示例，涵盖了 AWS 的各种服务和技术，包括基础知识、使用技巧以及常见问题等。其核心功能在于帮助用户更好地理解和使用 AWS 服务，如 EC2、S3、CloudFormation 和 Lambda 等。此外，项目还提供了丰富的学习资源和职业发展建议。适合希望深入了解 AWS 或在实际工作中有效利用 AWS 服务的技术人员和团队使用。","2026-06-11 02:44:25","top_all"]